An x–ray is a generally painless test that creates an image of part of the body by using low doses of electromagnetic radiation that are reflected on film or fluorescent screens. Standard or specialized x–rays can be used in diagnosis of a wide range of painful conditions, including:

• Bone chips and fractures
• Jaw or dental pain
• Osteoporosis
• Herniated discs and degenerative disc disease
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia

In addition, x–rays are used in diagnosing nonspecific causes of pain (e.g., back pain, joint pain). However, x–ray examinations have limitations and explain only a relatively small number of the pain complaints that physicians receive. X–ray tests alone are often unable to diagnose a pain source. They are used most effectively for pain diagnosis when they are combined with other tests (e.g., physical exam, MRI) and correlated with specific symptoms.

X–ray tests do not typically cause any side effects when administered correctly. A lead apron is often worn to protect organs from radiation damage. Although they pose very little risk, x–rays may be harmful to developing fetuses. Therefore, women who are or may be pregnant should inform their physician or x–ray technologist of their condition.

Some modern tests (e.g., CAT scan) use computers along with x–rays to create three–dimensional imaging. X–ray tests are often viewed by an x–ray specialist (radiologist) before the results are explained to the patient.

Special requirements may be necessary prior to administering some specialized x–rays. Certain x–ray tests, such as barium enema, require a contrast medium (dye) to be injected, swallowed or inserted. This helps outline certain internal structures on x–ray film. X–ray tests requiring a contrast medium can take as long as an hour. However, most standard x–rays take only a few seconds or minutes.