Test Your Knowledge

Sinusitis, also known as rhinosinusitis, is an inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the paranasal sinuses, four pairs of cavities that connect the nose to the throat. About 37 million Americans are affected by sinusitis each year, according to the National Institutes of Health.

A cold or allergy usually creates the inflammation and congestion that prevents drainage of the warm, moist, mucus-filled sinus cavity. This creates a perfect breeding ground for viral, bacterial or fungal infections that can lead to sinusitis.

Sinusitis may be either acute or chronic:

• Acute sinusitis lasts for just a few weeks and usually requires no treatment. In some cases, antibiotics may be used.
  
  
• Chronic sinusitis lasts longer and can be more difficult to treat. However, treatment is essential, as long-term bouts of sinusitis can develop into dangerous medical conditions. Most cases of sinusitis in the United States are chronic. Chronic sinusitis afflicts more than 33 million Americans annually, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

In addition, sinusitis may be either infectious or noninfectious:

• Infectious sinusitis is usually caused by a viral infection. Less frequently, it is the result of bacterial or fungal growth.
  
  
• Noninfectious sinusitis is usually the result of allergies or other irritants.

Acute sinusitis and chronic sinusitis share many symptoms. One typical symptom shared by both forms is a sinus headache, a nonvascular headache caused by pressure changes in sinus cavities. Trapped air, pus and other secretions create pressure on the sinus wall. Pain, pressure or fullness is usually present in the cheeks, brow or forehead.

In diagnosing sinusitis, a physician will look for tenderness over the sinus cavities, swelling of the mucous glands, nasal secretions, postnasal drip and swelling around the eyes. A physician will also likely ask about any recent colds or history of allergies and whether a patient smokes. A sample of nasal discharge may be collected and tested for the presence of bacteria. Imaging tests also may be performed to help better define the extent of sinusitis in a patient and the degree of blockage present.

Acute sinusitis often resolves on its own without the need for treatment. If treatment does become necessary, decongestants or antibiotics may be prescribed. Chronic sinusitis can be more difficult to treat and may require treatment with several different medications, including antibiotics, decongestants, mucus-thinning medications, and antihistamines or anti-inflammatory corticosteroid nasal sprays (both of which are used to reduce swelling and mucus production).

During cold and flu season, several precautions can be taken to lessen the likelihood of contracting upper respiratory infections that can lead to sinusitis. People with seasonal allergies can also take steps to treat or prevent their symptoms.