Also known as toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), preeclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy. It is characterized by high blood pressure and excessive levels of protein in the urine. Some patients experience symptoms, such as swelling, severe headache, blurred vision and right-sided upper abdominal pain.

Preeclampsia is one of several blood pressure disorders that can occur during pregnancy. Typically developing after the 20^th week of pregnancy, it can lead to many complications for the expectant mother and her fetus. Left untreated, the condition may escalate to HELLP (a syndrome characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels and a low platelet count) or eclampsia (preeclampsia with seizures), two potentially fatal conditions. Potential complications from preeclampsia for the fetus include premature birth and intrauterine growth retardation.

Because the complications of preeclampsia can be so severe, early detection and early treatment are essential for the health of the patient and her fetus. However, the signs and symptoms often go unnoticed by the patient. As a result, the condition is often discovered during routine prenatal blood pressure checks and urine tests.

The exact cause of the condition is unknown but common theories include calcium deficiency, high body fat and poor nutrition. The Preeclampsia Foundation estimates that preeclampsia affects at least 5 to 8 percent of all pregnancies. Certain factors can increase this risk, including having a personal history of the condition. Preeclampsia is more common among pregnant women under age 18 or over age 40. There are no known prevention methods for this condition.

Delivery is the only cure for preeclampsia. When vaginal delivery may be too stressful for the expectant mother or her fetus, a Caesarean section may be performed. In some cases, the fetus may not be developed enough to survive outside the uterus, or the cervix may not be ready for vaginal delivery. In these cases, physicians may choose to treat the symptoms with bedrest and medication until the fetus has matured. For severe cases of preeclampsia, the fetus may be removed without regard to its development or the readiness of the cervix.