Postpartum depression (PPD) is a condition that includes a range of emotional and physical changes experienced by women after having a baby. It can occur anytime within the year after the baby is born, but usually happens from three days to six weeks after delivery.

PPD should not be confused with postpartum blues (“baby blues”), which is a common condition that usually starts within a few days after birth and can last for a few weeks, or postpartum psychosis (PPP), a condition characterized by more severe symptoms, such as delusions and paranoia. PPD is a form of clinical depression.

Exactly why PPD develops is not fully understood, but risk factors include a past history of depression (personal or family), as well as previous diagnoses of PPD. Other risk factors include the stress of caring for a new baby, a lack of support from family and friends and sleep deprivation. Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy may also play a role.

Patients with PPD can experience a variety of symptoms, many of which are identical to those experienced by patients with other types of depression. Some examples are anger, sadness and anxiety. PPD can also occur with other anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder.

PPD is usually diagnosed following a physical examination. A depression-screening questionnaire, such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, may be used to help identify mothers experiencing PPD. In some cases, the obstetrician-gynecologist (ObGyn) may refer the woman to a qualified mental health specialist, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist for a complete mental health evaluation.

All new mothers, including those with PPD, may benefit from taking certain steps, such as eating a proper diet and getting adequate rest. PPD is typically treated with antidepressant medications and psychotherapy. Women experiencing PPD also may benefit from joining a support group to help cope with their depression.