Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a bacterial infection of a woman’s reproductive organs. Left untreated or treated too late, PID can damage the reproductive organs, which may make it difficult or impossible for a woman to conceive.  PID can also increase the risk of pregnancy complications.

PID can occur in any of the organs in the pelvis. These include the uterus and its linings and walls, the fallopian tubes and the ovaries. Infectious bacteria travel into the body from the vagina and scar the reproductive tissue. Most cases of PID are the result of infection by two sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – gonorrhea and chlamydia. In some cases, PID may be caused by medical procedures performed on the reproductive organs. It can also develop when bacteria that occurs naturally in the vagina migrates farther inside the body.

Sexually active women under 25 years old are at greatest risk for developing PID because they have an increased chance of developing sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, their stage of physical development makes them more susceptible to infection.

PID is often a “silent” disease, with most women experiencing mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. Even when no symptoms are present, PID infections can cause serious organ damage. When symptoms do occur, they may include abdominal pain, unusual vaginal discharge and fever. Since the same symptoms may occur with other conditions, PID can be difficult to diagnose.

Diagnosis of PID usually begins with a medical history and gynecological examination. Other tests may be performed, including blood tests and vaginal cultures to test for infections (e.g., STDs). In some patients, an ultrasound or laparoscopy may be advised.

Women who seek treatment for PID usually receive antibiotics immediately, even before a diagnosis is confirmed. This is because the importance of avoiding damage to reproductive organs outweighs any risk of waiting to confirm the diagnosis. Antibiotics can cure the infection, but cannot reverse any organ damage caused by PID.

Many cases of PID may be prevented by practicing safe sex and promptly treating any sexually transmitted diseases.

The combination of no symptoms and potential for organ damage make PID a serious health threat, especially for young, sexually active women. Women can use their regular gynecological examinations to ask their physician about their risk factors for PID. Any symptoms or concerns should be immediately reported to a physician, preferably a gynecologist.