Degenerative disc disease is a condition where the cushioning intervertebral discs of the spine deteriorate and press upon nerves. This can be associated with damage and wear and tear to the intervertebral disc from aging.

In this disorder, the spinal discs become anatomically altered after losing water content and become thinner. The outer layer of the spinal disc may tear, resulting in expulsion of the contents of the inner core of the disc through the outer covering, a condition known as a herniated disc. These protrusions may press on nerves, causing pain in the back and leg that can range from mild to excruciating.

The medical community has yet to agree on a precise definition for degenerative disc disease, so patients often encounter varying explanations of the disorder. In addition, many consider the “disease” part of the name to be a misnomer. In reality, it is a degenerative condition that sometimes produces pain due to one or more damaged discs.

Although patients with degenerative disc disease will find that their discs continue to degenerate over time, most do not experience a corresponding increase in pain.

Diagnosis typically involves a medical history, physical examination and imaging tests such as x-ray or MRI. Noninvasive treatments such as exercise therapy, medications and rest often help, with spine surgery reserved for hard-to-resolve cases.