A colposcopy is a procedure that allows a physician to examine a woman’s vulva, vagina and cervix. This is achieved through the use of a colposcope, an instrument that shines a light on the cervix and magnifies the tissue being inspected. Colposcopy is usually performed as a follow-up test to a screening Pap smear, in which the classification suggests the need to rule out possible abnormal or potentially cancerous cells.

During the procedure, a vinegar solution (acetic acid) is applied to the cervix or area to be evaluated with a cotton swab. This solution will react with the abnormal cells – abnormal tissue will appear white – allowing it to be identified through the colposcope. A physician can magnify the image many times its normal size, making it easier to see abnormal cells. This white area also has certain changes seen with the colposcope affecting the surface appearance, texture and vessels in the abnormal area that will allow a directed biopsy sample to be taken. 

Colposcopies usually produce only minimal discomfort for the patient. If a colposcopy reveals abnormal cells or any suspicious changes to the surrounding tissues, a follow-up procedure such as tissue removal (biopsy) will be performed. Biopsies are necessary to determine if cells are abnormal, precancerous or cancerous. In some cases, a biopsy can be performed at the same time as the colposcopy. A patient should inform her physician if she is or might be pregnant because special precautions may be taken if a cervical biopsy needs to be performed during pregnancy.